Network · data from 2026-11-12
AS23848 PINGANCOM - Shenzhen Ping An Communication Technology Co.,Ltd
Registry name: PINGANCOM - Shenzhen Ping An Communication Technology Co.,Ltd, CN · not in PeeringDB
Announced routes
Every prefix a peer of the route collectors sees with origin AS23848, things to look at first. Visibility = full-table peers that see it, of 673 (IPv4) and 636 (IPv6) on 75 collectors. Also as routes.csv.
| 43.230.221.0/24 | Valid | Nonecovered by 43.230.220.0/22 | 673 100% |
| 43.230.222.0/24 | Valid | Nonecovered by 43.230.220.0/22 | 673 100% |
| 43.230.223.0/24 | Valid | Nonecovered by 43.230.220.0/22 | 673 100% |
| 103.210.171.0/24 | Valid | Nonecovered by 103.210.168.0/22 | 673 100% |
| 124.196.12.0/24 | Valid | Nonecovered by 124.196.0.0/16 | 673 100% |
| 124.196.13.0/24 | Valid | Nonecovered by 124.196.0.0/16 | 673 100% |
| 124.196.25.0/24 | Valid | Nonecovered by 124.196.0.0/16 | 673 100% |
| 124.196.26.0/24 | Valid | Nonecovered by 124.196.0.0/16 | 673 100% |
| 124.196.27.0/24 | Valid | Nonecovered by 124.196.0.0/16 | 673 100% |
| 124.196.28.0/24 | Valid | Nonecovered by 124.196.0.0/16 | 673 100% |
| 124.196.30.0/24 | Valid | Nonecovered by 124.196.0.0/16 | 673 100% |
| 124.196.31.0/24 | Valid | Nonecovered by 124.196.0.0/16 | 673 100% |
| 124.196.32.0/24 | Valid | Nonecovered by 124.196.0.0/16 | 673 100% |
| 124.196.33.0/24 | Valid | Nonecovered by 124.196.0.0/16 | 673 100% |
| 124.196.40.0/24 | Valid | Nonecovered by 124.196.0.0/16 | 673 100% |
| 124.196.41.0/24 | Valid | Nonecovered by 124.196.0.0/16 | 673 100% |
| 124.196.42.0/24 | Valid | Nonecovered by 124.196.0.0/16 | 673 100% |
| 124.196.43.0/24 | Valid | Nonecovered by 124.196.0.0/16 | 673 100% |
| 124.196.48.0/24 | Valid | Nonecovered by 124.196.0.0/16 | 673 100% |
| 124.196.49.0/24 | Valid | Nonecovered by 124.196.0.0/16 | 673 100% |
| 124.196.50.0/24 | Valid | Nonecovered by 124.196.0.0/16 | 673 100% |
| 124.196.51.0/24 | Valid | Nonecovered by 124.196.0.0/16 | 673 100% |
| 124.196.52.0/24 | Valid | Nonecovered by 124.196.0.0/16 | 673 100% |
| 124.196.53.0/24 | Valid | Nonecovered by 124.196.0.0/16 | 673 100% |
| 124.196.55.0/24 | Valid | Nonecovered by 124.196.0.0/16 | 673 100% |
| 124.196.56.0/24 | Valid | Nonecovered by 124.196.0.0/16 | 673 100% |
| 124.196.57.0/24 | Valid | Nonecovered by 124.196.0.0/16 | 673 100% |
| 124.196.58.0/24 | Valid | Nonecovered by 124.196.0.0/16 | 673 100% |
| 124.196.66.0/24 | Valid | Nonecovered by 124.196.0.0/16 | 673 100% |
| 124.196.77.0/24 | Valid | Nonecovered by 124.196.0.0/16 | 673 100% |
| 202.69.16.0/24 | Valid | Nonecovered by 202.69.16.0/20 | 673 100% |
| 202.69.17.0/24 | Valid | Nonecovered by 202.69.16.0/20 | 673 100% |
| 202.69.18.0/24 | Valid | Nonecovered by 202.69.16.0/20 | 673 100% |
| 202.69.19.0/24 | Valid | Nonecovered by 202.69.16.0/20 | 673 100% |
| 202.69.20.0/24 | Valid | Nonecovered by 202.69.16.0/20 | 673 100% |
| 202.69.21.0/24 | Valid | Nonecovered by 202.69.16.0/20 | 673 100% |
| 202.69.22.0/24 | Valid | Nonecovered by 202.69.16.0/20 | 673 100% |
| 202.69.23.0/24 | Valid | Nonecovered by 202.69.16.0/20 | 673 100% |
| 202.69.24.0/24 | Valid | Nonecovered by 202.69.16.0/20 | 673 100% |
| 202.69.25.0/24 | Valid | Nonecovered by 202.69.16.0/20 | 673 100% |
| 202.69.26.0/24 | Valid | Nonecovered by 202.69.16.0/20 | 673 100% |
| 202.69.27.0/24 | Valid | Nonecovered by 202.69.16.0/20 | 673 100% |
| 202.69.28.0/24 | Valid | Nonecovered by 202.69.16.0/20 | 673 100% |
| 202.69.29.0/24 | Valid | Nonecovered by 202.69.16.0/20 | 673 100% |
| 202.69.30.0/24 | Valid | Nonecovered by 202.69.16.0/20 | 673 100% |
| 202.69.31.0/24 | Valid | Nonecovered by 202.69.16.0/20 | 673 100% |
| 45.65.20.0/24 | Valid | Nonecovered by 45.65.20.0/22 | 672 100% |
| 45.65.21.0/24 | Valid | Nonecovered by 45.65.20.0/22 | 672 100% |
| 45.65.22.0/24 | Valid | Nonecovered by 45.65.20.0/22 | 672 100% |
| 45.65.23.0/24 | Valid | Nonecovered by 45.65.20.0/22 | 672 100% |
| 103.210.170.0/24 | Valid | Nonecovered by 103.210.168.0/22 | 672 100% |
| 124.196.72.0/24 | Valid | Nonecovered by 124.196.0.0/16 | 672 100% |
| 124.196.80.0/24 | Valid | Nonecovered by 124.196.0.0/16 | 667 99% |
| 124.196.81.0/24 | Valid | Nonecovered by 124.196.0.0/16 | 667 99% |
| 124.196.82.0/24 | Valid | Nonecovered by 124.196.0.0/16 | 667 99% |
| 124.196.83.0/24 | Valid | Nonecovered by 124.196.0.0/16 | 667 99% |
| 124.196.84.0/24 | Valid | Nonecovered by 124.196.0.0/16 | 667 99% |
| 124.196.85.0/24 | Valid | Nonecovered by 124.196.0.0/16 | 667 99% |
| 2404:7180:a000::/48 | Valid | Nonecovered by 2404:7180::/32 | 636 100% |
| 2404:7180:a010::/48 | Valid | Nonecovered by 2404:7180::/32 | 636 100% |
| 2404:7180:aa00::/48 | Valid | Nonecovered by 2404:7180::/32 | 636 100% |
| 2404:7180:aa10::/48 | Valid | Nonecovered by 2404:7180::/32 | 636 100% |
| 2404:7180:b001::/48 | Valid | Nonecovered by 2404:7180::/32 | 636 100% |
| 2404:7180:b002::/48 | Valid | Nonecovered by 2404:7180::/32 | 636 100% |
| 2404:7180:b010::/48 | Valid | Nonecovered by 2404:7180::/32 | 636 100% |
| 2404:7180:c001::/48 | Valid | Nonecovered by 2404:7180::/32 | 636 100% |
| 2404:7180:c002::/48 | Valid | Nonecovered by 2404:7180::/32 | 636 100% |
| 2404:7180:c011::/48 | Valid | Nonecovered by 2404:7180::/32 | 636 100% |
| 2404:7180:c012::/48 | Valid | Nonecovered by 2404:7180::/32 | 636 100% |
| 2404:7180:f000::/48 | Valid | Nonecovered by 2404:7180::/32 | 636 100% |
| 2404:7180:f010::/48 | Valid | Nonecovered by 2404:7180::/32 | 636 100% |
AS-SET
AS23848 isn't in PeeringDB, where networks name their AS-SET.
Fix list
The changes that would bring RPKI, the IRR and what's announced into line. Some are deliberate (a route object kept for a backup route, say); the network decides. All 78 are in fix.csv.
- Route object: none71
- Route object: not announced7
| Change | Prefix or set | Detail |
|---|---|---|
| Route object: none | 43.230.221.0/24 | No route object for it. A route object for 43.230.220.0/22 with origin AS23848 covers it (filters allowing more-specifics accept it). Add a route object with origin AS23848 in the RIR database for the space. |
| Route object: none | 43.230.222.0/24 | No route object for it. A route object for 43.230.220.0/22 with origin AS23848 covers it (filters allowing more-specifics accept it). Add a route object with origin AS23848 in the RIR database for the space. |
| Route object: none | 43.230.223.0/24 | No route object for it. A route object for 43.230.220.0/22 with origin AS23848 covers it (filters allowing more-specifics accept it). Add a route object with origin AS23848 in the RIR database for the space. |
| Route object: none | 103.210.171.0/24 | No route object for it. A route object for 103.210.168.0/22 with origin AS23848 covers it (filters allowing more-specifics accept it). Add a route object with origin AS23848 in the RIR database for the space. |
| Route object: none | 124.196.12.0/24 | No route object for it. A route object for 124.196.0.0/16 with origin AS23848 covers it (filters allowing more-specifics accept it). Add a route object with origin AS23848 in the RIR database for the space. |
| Route object: none | 124.196.13.0/24 | No route object for it. A route object for 124.196.0.0/16 with origin AS23848 covers it (filters allowing more-specifics accept it). Add a route object with origin AS23848 in the RIR database for the space. |
| Route object: none | 124.196.25.0/24 | No route object for it. A route object for 124.196.0.0/16 with origin AS23848 covers it (filters allowing more-specifics accept it). Add a route object with origin AS23848 in the RIR database for the space. |
| Route object: none | 124.196.26.0/24 | No route object for it. A route object for 124.196.0.0/16 with origin AS23848 covers it (filters allowing more-specifics accept it). Add a route object with origin AS23848 in the RIR database for the space. |
| Route object: none | 124.196.27.0/24 | No route object for it. A route object for 124.196.0.0/16 with origin AS23848 covers it (filters allowing more-specifics accept it). Add a route object with origin AS23848 in the RIR database for the space. |
| Route object: none | 124.196.28.0/24 | No route object for it. A route object for 124.196.0.0/16 with origin AS23848 covers it (filters allowing more-specifics accept it). Add a route object with origin AS23848 in the RIR database for the space. |
| Route object: none | 124.196.30.0/24 | No route object for it. A route object for 124.196.0.0/16 with origin AS23848 covers it (filters allowing more-specifics accept it). Add a route object with origin AS23848 in the RIR database for the space. |
| Route object: none | 124.196.31.0/24 | No route object for it. A route object for 124.196.0.0/16 with origin AS23848 covers it (filters allowing more-specifics accept it). Add a route object with origin AS23848 in the RIR database for the space. |
| Route object: none | 124.196.32.0/24 | No route object for it. A route object for 124.196.0.0/16 with origin AS23848 covers it (filters allowing more-specifics accept it). Add a route object with origin AS23848 in the RIR database for the space. |
| Route object: none | 124.196.33.0/24 | No route object for it. A route object for 124.196.0.0/16 with origin AS23848 covers it (filters allowing more-specifics accept it). Add a route object with origin AS23848 in the RIR database for the space. |
| Route object: none | 124.196.40.0/24 | No route object for it. A route object for 124.196.0.0/16 with origin AS23848 covers it (filters allowing more-specifics accept it). Add a route object with origin AS23848 in the RIR database for the space. |
| Route object: none | 124.196.41.0/24 | No route object for it. A route object for 124.196.0.0/16 with origin AS23848 covers it (filters allowing more-specifics accept it). Add a route object with origin AS23848 in the RIR database for the space. |
| Route object: none | 124.196.42.0/24 | No route object for it. A route object for 124.196.0.0/16 with origin AS23848 covers it (filters allowing more-specifics accept it). Add a route object with origin AS23848 in the RIR database for the space. |
| Route object: none | 124.196.43.0/24 | No route object for it. A route object for 124.196.0.0/16 with origin AS23848 covers it (filters allowing more-specifics accept it). Add a route object with origin AS23848 in the RIR database for the space. |
| Route object: none | 124.196.48.0/24 | No route object for it. A route object for 124.196.0.0/16 with origin AS23848 covers it (filters allowing more-specifics accept it). Add a route object with origin AS23848 in the RIR database for the space. |
| Route object: none | 124.196.49.0/24 | No route object for it. A route object for 124.196.0.0/16 with origin AS23848 covers it (filters allowing more-specifics accept it). Add a route object with origin AS23848 in the RIR database for the space. |
| Route object: none | 124.196.50.0/24 | No route object for it. A route object for 124.196.0.0/16 with origin AS23848 covers it (filters allowing more-specifics accept it). Add a route object with origin AS23848 in the RIR database for the space. |
| Route object: none | 124.196.51.0/24 | No route object for it. A route object for 124.196.0.0/16 with origin AS23848 covers it (filters allowing more-specifics accept it). Add a route object with origin AS23848 in the RIR database for the space. |
| Route object: none | 124.196.52.0/24 | No route object for it. A route object for 124.196.0.0/16 with origin AS23848 covers it (filters allowing more-specifics accept it). Add a route object with origin AS23848 in the RIR database for the space. |
| Route object: none | 124.196.53.0/24 | No route object for it. A route object for 124.196.0.0/16 with origin AS23848 covers it (filters allowing more-specifics accept it). Add a route object with origin AS23848 in the RIR database for the space. |
| Route object: none | 124.196.55.0/24 | No route object for it. A route object for 124.196.0.0/16 with origin AS23848 covers it (filters allowing more-specifics accept it). Add a route object with origin AS23848 in the RIR database for the space. |
| Route object: none | 124.196.56.0/24 | No route object for it. A route object for 124.196.0.0/16 with origin AS23848 covers it (filters allowing more-specifics accept it). Add a route object with origin AS23848 in the RIR database for the space. |
| Route object: none | 124.196.57.0/24 | No route object for it. A route object for 124.196.0.0/16 with origin AS23848 covers it (filters allowing more-specifics accept it). Add a route object with origin AS23848 in the RIR database for the space. |
| Route object: none | 124.196.58.0/24 | No route object for it. A route object for 124.196.0.0/16 with origin AS23848 covers it (filters allowing more-specifics accept it). Add a route object with origin AS23848 in the RIR database for the space. |
| Route object: none | 124.196.66.0/24 | No route object for it. A route object for 124.196.0.0/16 with origin AS23848 covers it (filters allowing more-specifics accept it). Add a route object with origin AS23848 in the RIR database for the space. |
| Route object: none | 124.196.77.0/24 | No route object for it. A route object for 124.196.0.0/16 with origin AS23848 covers it (filters allowing more-specifics accept it). Add a route object with origin AS23848 in the RIR database for the space. |
| Route object: none | 202.69.16.0/24 | No route object for it. A route object for 202.69.16.0/20 with origin AS23848 covers it (filters allowing more-specifics accept it). Add a route object with origin AS23848 in the RIR database for the space. |
| Route object: none | 202.69.17.0/24 | No route object for it. A route object for 202.69.16.0/20 with origin AS23848 covers it (filters allowing more-specifics accept it). Add a route object with origin AS23848 in the RIR database for the space. |
| Route object: none | 202.69.18.0/24 | No route object for it. A route object for 202.69.16.0/20 with origin AS23848 covers it (filters allowing more-specifics accept it). Add a route object with origin AS23848 in the RIR database for the space. |
| Route object: none | 202.69.19.0/24 | No route object for it. A route object for 202.69.16.0/20 with origin AS23848 covers it (filters allowing more-specifics accept it). Add a route object with origin AS23848 in the RIR database for the space. |
| Route object: none | 202.69.20.0/24 | No route object for it. A route object for 202.69.16.0/20 with origin AS23848 covers it (filters allowing more-specifics accept it). Add a route object with origin AS23848 in the RIR database for the space. |
| Route object: none | 202.69.21.0/24 | No route object for it. A route object for 202.69.16.0/20 with origin AS23848 covers it (filters allowing more-specifics accept it). Add a route object with origin AS23848 in the RIR database for the space. |
| Route object: none | 202.69.22.0/24 | No route object for it. A route object for 202.69.16.0/20 with origin AS23848 covers it (filters allowing more-specifics accept it). Add a route object with origin AS23848 in the RIR database for the space. |
| Route object: none | 202.69.23.0/24 | No route object for it. A route object for 202.69.16.0/20 with origin AS23848 covers it (filters allowing more-specifics accept it). Add a route object with origin AS23848 in the RIR database for the space. |
| Route object: none | 202.69.24.0/24 | No route object for it. A route object for 202.69.16.0/20 with origin AS23848 covers it (filters allowing more-specifics accept it). Add a route object with origin AS23848 in the RIR database for the space. |
| Route object: none | 202.69.25.0/24 | No route object for it. A route object for 202.69.16.0/20 with origin AS23848 covers it (filters allowing more-specifics accept it). Add a route object with origin AS23848 in the RIR database for the space. |
| Route object: none | 202.69.26.0/24 | No route object for it. A route object for 202.69.16.0/20 with origin AS23848 covers it (filters allowing more-specifics accept it). Add a route object with origin AS23848 in the RIR database for the space. |
| Route object: none | 202.69.27.0/24 | No route object for it. A route object for 202.69.16.0/20 with origin AS23848 covers it (filters allowing more-specifics accept it). Add a route object with origin AS23848 in the RIR database for the space. |
| Route object: none | 202.69.28.0/24 | No route object for it. A route object for 202.69.16.0/20 with origin AS23848 covers it (filters allowing more-specifics accept it). Add a route object with origin AS23848 in the RIR database for the space. |
| Route object: none | 202.69.29.0/24 | No route object for it. A route object for 202.69.16.0/20 with origin AS23848 covers it (filters allowing more-specifics accept it). Add a route object with origin AS23848 in the RIR database for the space. |
| Route object: none | 202.69.30.0/24 | No route object for it. A route object for 202.69.16.0/20 with origin AS23848 covers it (filters allowing more-specifics accept it). Add a route object with origin AS23848 in the RIR database for the space. |
| Route object: none | 202.69.31.0/24 | No route object for it. A route object for 202.69.16.0/20 with origin AS23848 covers it (filters allowing more-specifics accept it). Add a route object with origin AS23848 in the RIR database for the space. |
| Route object: none | 45.65.20.0/24 | No route object for it. A route object for 45.65.20.0/22 with origin AS23848 covers it (filters allowing more-specifics accept it). Add a route object with origin AS23848 in the RIR database for the space. |
| Route object: none | 45.65.21.0/24 | No route object for it. A route object for 45.65.20.0/22 with origin AS23848 covers it (filters allowing more-specifics accept it). Add a route object with origin AS23848 in the RIR database for the space. |
| Route object: none | 45.65.22.0/24 | No route object for it. A route object for 45.65.20.0/22 with origin AS23848 covers it (filters allowing more-specifics accept it). Add a route object with origin AS23848 in the RIR database for the space. |
| Route object: none | 45.65.23.0/24 | No route object for it. A route object for 45.65.20.0/22 with origin AS23848 covers it (filters allowing more-specifics accept it). Add a route object with origin AS23848 in the RIR database for the space. |
| Route object: none | 103.210.170.0/24 | No route object for it. A route object for 103.210.168.0/22 with origin AS23848 covers it (filters allowing more-specifics accept it). Add a route object with origin AS23848 in the RIR database for the space. |
| Route object: none | 124.196.72.0/24 | No route object for it. A route object for 124.196.0.0/16 with origin AS23848 covers it (filters allowing more-specifics accept it). Add a route object with origin AS23848 in the RIR database for the space. |
| Route object: none | 124.196.80.0/24 | No route object for it. A route object for 124.196.0.0/16 with origin AS23848 covers it (filters allowing more-specifics accept it). Add a route object with origin AS23848 in the RIR database for the space. |
| Route object: none | 124.196.81.0/24 | No route object for it. A route object for 124.196.0.0/16 with origin AS23848 covers it (filters allowing more-specifics accept it). Add a route object with origin AS23848 in the RIR database for the space. |
| Route object: none | 124.196.82.0/24 | No route object for it. A route object for 124.196.0.0/16 with origin AS23848 covers it (filters allowing more-specifics accept it). Add a route object with origin AS23848 in the RIR database for the space. |
| Route object: none | 124.196.83.0/24 | No route object for it. A route object for 124.196.0.0/16 with origin AS23848 covers it (filters allowing more-specifics accept it). Add a route object with origin AS23848 in the RIR database for the space. |
| Route object: none | 124.196.84.0/24 | No route object for it. A route object for 124.196.0.0/16 with origin AS23848 covers it (filters allowing more-specifics accept it). Add a route object with origin AS23848 in the RIR database for the space. |
| Route object: none | 124.196.85.0/24 | No route object for it. A route object for 124.196.0.0/16 with origin AS23848 covers it (filters allowing more-specifics accept it). Add a route object with origin AS23848 in the RIR database for the space. |
| Route object: none | 2404:7180:a000::/48 | No route object for it. A route object for 2404:7180::/32 with origin AS23848 covers it (filters allowing more-specifics accept it). Add a route object with origin AS23848 in the RIR database for the space. |
| Route object: none | 2404:7180:a010::/48 | No route object for it. A route object for 2404:7180::/32 with origin AS23848 covers it (filters allowing more-specifics accept it). Add a route object with origin AS23848 in the RIR database for the space. |
| Route object: none | 2404:7180:aa00::/48 | No route object for it. A route object for 2404:7180::/32 with origin AS23848 covers it (filters allowing more-specifics accept it). Add a route object with origin AS23848 in the RIR database for the space. |
| Route object: none | 2404:7180:aa10::/48 | No route object for it. A route object for 2404:7180::/32 with origin AS23848 covers it (filters allowing more-specifics accept it). Add a route object with origin AS23848 in the RIR database for the space. |
| Route object: none | 2404:7180:b001::/48 | No route object for it. A route object for 2404:7180::/32 with origin AS23848 covers it (filters allowing more-specifics accept it). Add a route object with origin AS23848 in the RIR database for the space. |
| Route object: none | 2404:7180:b002::/48 | No route object for it. A route object for 2404:7180::/32 with origin AS23848 covers it (filters allowing more-specifics accept it). Add a route object with origin AS23848 in the RIR database for the space. |
| Route object: none | 2404:7180:b010::/48 | No route object for it. A route object for 2404:7180::/32 with origin AS23848 covers it (filters allowing more-specifics accept it). Add a route object with origin AS23848 in the RIR database for the space. |
| Route object: none | 2404:7180:c001::/48 | No route object for it. A route object for 2404:7180::/32 with origin AS23848 covers it (filters allowing more-specifics accept it). Add a route object with origin AS23848 in the RIR database for the space. |
| Route object: none | 2404:7180:c002::/48 | No route object for it. A route object for 2404:7180::/32 with origin AS23848 covers it (filters allowing more-specifics accept it). Add a route object with origin AS23848 in the RIR database for the space. |
| Route object: none | 2404:7180:c011::/48 | No route object for it. A route object for 2404:7180::/32 with origin AS23848 covers it (filters allowing more-specifics accept it). Add a route object with origin AS23848 in the RIR database for the space. |
| Route object: none | 2404:7180:c012::/48 | No route object for it. A route object for 2404:7180::/32 with origin AS23848 covers it (filters allowing more-specifics accept it). Add a route object with origin AS23848 in the RIR database for the space. |
| Route object: none | 2404:7180:f000::/48 | No route object for it. A route object for 2404:7180::/32 with origin AS23848 covers it (filters allowing more-specifics accept it). Add a route object with origin AS23848 in the RIR database for the space. |
| Route object: none | 2404:7180:f010::/48 | No route object for it. A route object for 2404:7180::/32 with origin AS23848 covers it (filters allowing more-specifics accept it). Add a route object with origin AS23848 in the RIR database for the space. |
Route objects not announced
Route objects with origin AS23848 whose prefix no peer sees AS23848 announce. Many are kept on purpose (backup routes, space announced only in some places).
| 43.230.220.0/22 | APNIC | No ROA |
| 45.65.20.0/22 | APNIC | No ROA |
| 103.50.36.0/22 | APNIC | No ROA |
| 103.210.168.0/22 | APNIC | No ROA |
| 124.196.0.0/16 | APNIC | No ROA |
| 202.69.16.0/20 | APNIC, NTTCOM | No ROA |
| 2404:7180::/32 | APNIC | No ROA |
Routes: the 08:00 UTC snapshots of 2026-11-12 from 75 RIPE RIS and RouteViews collectors. RPKI: our rpki-client run before the snapshot. IRR: the day's dumps of the five RIR databases and RADB's mirrors. The LEVEL3 and IDNIC databases publish no dump and aren't read, so route objects only there count as none.